在上一篇 Spring在XML自动装配 示例中,它会匹配当前Spring容器任何bean的属性自动装配。在大多数情况下,你可能只需要在特定的 bean 自动装配属性。
在Spring中,可以使用 @Autowired 注解通过setter方法,构造函数或字段自动装配Bean。此外,它可以在一个特定的bean属性自动装配。
注 @Autowired注解是通过匹配数据类型自动装配Bean。
请参见下面的完整的例子来演示如何使用@Autowired。
1. Beans
一个 Customer bean 在bean配置文件中声明。稍后,您将使用 “@Autowired” 来自动装配一个Person bean。
package com.xuhuhu.common;
public class Customer
{
//you want autowired this field.
private Person person;
private int type;
private String action;
//getter and setter method
}
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">
<bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Customer">
<property name="action" value="buy" />
<property name="type" value="1" />
</bean>
<bean id="PersonBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Person">
<property name="name" value="zaixian" />
<property name="address" value="address 123" />
<property name="age" value="28" />
</bean>
</beans>
2. 注册AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
要启用@Autowired,必须注册“AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor',你可以用两种方式做到这一点:
1. Include <context:annotation-config />
添加 Spring 上下文和<context:annotation-config />在bean配置文件中。
<beans //... xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" //... http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> //... <context:annotation-config /> //... </beans>
下面是完整的实例
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> <context:annotation-config /> <bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Customer"> <property name="action" value="buy" /> <property name="type" value="1" /> </bean> <bean id="PersonBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Person"> <property name="name" value="zaixian" /> <property name="address" value="address ABC" /> <property name="age" value="29" /> </bean> </beans>
2. 包含 AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
直接在bean配置文件包含“AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor”。
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd"> <bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor"/> <bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Customer"> <property name="action" value="buy" /> <property name="type" value="1" /> </bean> <bean id="PersonBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Person"> <property name="name" value="zaixian" /> <property name="address" value="address ABC" /> <property name="age" value="29" /> </bean> </beans>
3. @Autowired示例
现在,你可以通过 @Autowired 自动装配 bean,它可以在 setter 方法,构造函数或字段中使用。
1. @Autowired setter 方法
package com.xuhuhu.common;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class Customer
{
private Person person;
private int type;
private String action;
//getter and setter methods
@Autowired
public void setPerson(Person person) {
this.person = person;
}
}
2. @Autowired 构造方法
package com.xuhuhu.common;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class Customer
{
private Person person;
private int type;
private String action;
//getter and setter methods
@Autowired
public Customer(Person person) {
this.person = person;
}
}
3. @Autowired 字段
package com.xuhuhu.common;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class Customer
{
@Autowired
private Person person;
private int type;
private String action;
//getter and setter methods
}
上面的例子会自动装配“PersonBean”到Customer的person属性。
执行它
package com.xuhuhu.common;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class App
{
public static void main( String[] args )
{
ApplicationContext context =
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(new String[] {"applicationContext.xml"});
Customer cust = (Customer)context.getBean("CustomerBean");
System.out.println(cust);
}
}
输出
Customer [person=Person [name=zaixianA], type=1, action=buy]
依赖检查
默认情况下,@Autowired将执行相关检查,以确保属性已经装配正常。当Spring无法找到匹配的Bean装配,它会抛出异常。要解决这个问题,可以通过 @Autowired 的“required”属性设置为false来禁用此检查功能。
package com.xuhuhu.common;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class Customer
{
@Autowired(required=false)
private Person person;
private int type;
private String action;
//getter and setter methods
}
在上面的例子中,如果Spring不能找到一个匹配的Bean,person属性将不设定。
@Qualifier
@Qualifier注解我们用来控制bean应在字段上自动装配。例如,具有两个类似的 person bean 配置文件。
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd"> <context:annotation-config /> <bean id="CustomerBean" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Customer"> <property name="action" value="buy" /> <property name="type" value="1" /> </bean> <bean id="PersonBean1" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Person"> <property name="name" value="zaixian-1" /> <property name="address" value="address-1" /> <property name="age" value="29" /> </bean> <bean id="PersonBean2" class="com.xuhuhu.common.Person"> <property name="name" value="zaixian-2" /> <property name="address" value="address-2" /> <property name="age" value="28" /> </bean> </beans>
Spring知道哪个 bean 应当装配?
为了解决这个问题,可以使用 @Qualifier 自动装配一个特定的 bean,例如,
package com.xuhuhu.common;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
public class Customer
{
@Autowired
@Qualifier("PersonBean1")
private Person person;
private int type;
private String action;
//getter and setter methods
}
这意味着,“PersonBean1” bean被自动装配到customer的person属性。阅读下面完整的例子 – Spring自动装配@Qualifier实例
总结
这@Autowired注解非常灵活,功能强大,绝对比bean配置文件的“autowire”属性要更好。
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Spring通过自动检测自动装配
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Spring自动装配@Qualifier实例
